{"id":381,"date":"2022-06-26T11:50:02","date_gmt":"2022-06-26T04:50:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/?p=381"},"modified":"2023-12-14T12:13:15","modified_gmt":"2023-12-14T05:13:15","slug":"dich-lai-bitcoin-whitepaper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/?p=381","title":{"rendered":"D\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i Bitcoin Whitepaper"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Bitcoin Whitepaper b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Bitcoin Whitepaper tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. L\u01b0u \u00fd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eef in nghi\u00eang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ghi ch\u00fa. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 tr\u00edch \u0111\u0103ng, vui l\u00f2ng ghi: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: tuabi.eth\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bitcoin: M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ngang h\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Satoshi Nakamoto<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

satoshin@gmx.com<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

www.bitcoin.org<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb b\u00ean A sang b\u00ean B m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trung gian n\u00e0o. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1eadt m\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p chi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau (double-spending<\/em>). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gian l\u1eadn l\u1eb7p chi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u00e0m b\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 b\u0103m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd (proof-of-work<\/em>). B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, tr\u1eeb khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m mu\u1ed1n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ghi. Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia trung th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. M\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111i trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 \u00fd ng\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, mi\u1ec5n sao ch\u00fang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh sau \u0111\u00f3. Chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n nh\u1ecf l\u1ebb h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thanh to\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia. V\u00ec c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady l\u1eabn nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1eafm khi g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0 cho nhau. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gian l\u1eadn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n v\u00e0 lo ng\u1ea1i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trung gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thanh to\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 thay v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin, cho ph\u00e9p hai b\u00ean tham gia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh giao d\u1ecbch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi gian l\u1eadn, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u00fd qu\u1ef9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua. Trong th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eb7p chi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng trung th\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng gian l\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed3ng xu chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00fd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 b\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a giao d\u1ecbch li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u00e3 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i ghi n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng xu (l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai giao d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu hay kh\u00f4ng. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb l\u1eb7p chi. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra, sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eb7p chi. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn giao d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang g\u1eedi cho m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 giao d\u1ecbch di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p chi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm h\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac n\u00e0y thu nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ra c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trung gian, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai [1] v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac giao d\u1ecbch \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u00e3 b\u0103m n\u00e0y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o hay \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Usenet [2-5]. Nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh ra m\u00e3 b\u0103m, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh trong h\u00e0m b\u0103m. M\u1ed7i nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ngang h\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Hashcash c\u1ee7a Adam Back [6], ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o hay \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Usenet. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f2 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n theo h\u00e0m SHA-256, th\u00ec m\u00e3 b\u0103m t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bit 0. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c bit 0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eed c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, r\u1ed3i b\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 bit 0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u00ec kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c v\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u00eda sau khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u1edf sau n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u0169ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gian l\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t CPU l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh CPU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang lu\u1eadt th\u00ec chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u00fat n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u0169, k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fat tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang lu\u1eadt. Trong ph\u1ea7n sau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u00fat trong m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fat tham gia m\u1ea1ng do nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. M\u1ed7i n\u00fat gom c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. M\u1ed7i n\u00fat t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00fat t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd, n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat kh\u00e1c<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. C\u00e1c n\u00fat \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ghi nh\u1eadn kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch trong kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eb7p chi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. C\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi m\u00f3c v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i th\u00eam chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hai n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n \u0111i hai phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fat nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i n\u00fat s\u1ebd x\u1eed l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u00e1nh kia \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u00e0i nhanh h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nh\u00e1nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00fat n\u00e0o \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u00e1nh ng\u1eafn s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean nh\u00e1nh d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng. Mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u00fat kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n sau, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 g\u1eedi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c tham gia v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c n\u00fat tham gia h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi v\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng trong m\u1ea1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0ng ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0ng cho l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia m\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch ra t\u1eeb ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch. Kho\u1ea3n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ra so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t khi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tham lam n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CPU c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, h\u1eafn ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 chi tr\u1ea3, hay l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi cho m\u00ecnh. H\u1eafn s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edch h\u01a1n, v\u00ec lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng xu m\u1edbi h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i, thay v\u00ec hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m cho t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7. L\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed9t khi giao d\u1ecbch g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee7 xa trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xo\u00e1 b\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103m trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y Merkle [7][2][5] v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9a b\u1edbt nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y Merkle. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e3 b\u0103m n\u1eb1m trong kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ed1i n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 80 byte. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ta c\u00f3 80 byte * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2 MB m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb 2 GB RAM v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt Moore d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 1.2 GB m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngay c\u1ea3 khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t truy v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u1ea3n sao nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y Merkle li\u00ean k\u1ebft giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra giao d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong chu\u1ed7i, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o ph\u00eda sau kh\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fat trung th\u1ef1c c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n cao h\u01a1n. Trong khi c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qua m\u1eb7t khi k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac ch\u00fang \u0111ang \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a giao d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    9. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch hay g\u1ed9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch li\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o g\u1ed9p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ra: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh, ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ai c\u1ea7n tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    10. T\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t lu\u1ed3ng truy c\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch che gi\u1ea5u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giao d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, n\u01a1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng giao d\u1ecbch mua b\u00e1n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft b\u00ean n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \ufffc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00ed m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n ra manh m\u1ed1i n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung. R\u1ee7i ro n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 kho\u00e1 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 danh t\u00ednh th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    11. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c, nhanh h\u01a1n chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c \u0111ang c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 d\u00f9 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo ki\u1ec3u in ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 m\u00edt hay bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ghi nh\u1eadn kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i. K\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng xo\u00e1 \u0111i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9m l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u1eafn m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua gi\u1eefa chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t B\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1eabu Nhi\u00ean Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 khi chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, t\u0103ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00eam +1, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 khi chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3m b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111i -1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t Con b\u1ea1c s\u1ea1t nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u01a1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01a1i \u1edf th\u1ebf \u0111ang thua cho t\u1edbi khi hu\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t con b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n, hay x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sau [8]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    p = x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng trung th\u1ef1c t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    q = x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    qz = x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed z kh\u1ed1i \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ta gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed p > q, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t qz gi\u1ea3m theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p may m\u1eafn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng khi h\u1eafn b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gi\u1edd ta xem th\u1eed m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i bao l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n. Ta gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eeba ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 thanh to\u00e1n cho h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadt l\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mong r\u1eb1ng t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn n\u00ean t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00ed m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ngay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi l\u00fac v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i ti\u1ec1n. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00ed c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 h\u1eafn bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ee7 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 xa c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c thi giao d\u1ecbch ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Khi giao d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i song song ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3i cho giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 z kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c v\u00e0o ph\u00eda sau. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao xa, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i Poisson v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, ta nh\u00e2n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 Poisson c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t h\u1eafn b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh C\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u1ea1y ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ta th\u1ea5y x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n theo z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t P nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0.1% th\u00ec\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch thanh to\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n l\u1eb7p chi. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng ngang h\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng khai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng trung th\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh CPU cao h\u01a1n. M\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 phi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh v\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i tu\u1ef3 \u00fd, mi\u1ec5n sao ch\u00fang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chu\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c n\u00fat b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c CPU c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i th\u00eam chu\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfp sau kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    26\/06\/2022<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Bitcoin Whitepaper b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-all"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=381"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":549,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/381\/revisions\/549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nvbach.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}